Abstract This article states that, since the return to democracy in Chile, the Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (CUT) has played a double role for unionism. On the one hand, it has sought to promote, with very few resources and little success, new legislation for the private sector and, on the other, it has defended, with many resources and much success, the autonomy and interests of the public sector. How has this dual role played by the CUT since the return to democracy impacted on the identities and organizational practices of Chilean unions? To answer this question,it is proposed the concept of union cleavages, which describes a division that is simultaneously structural, ideological and organizational within Chilean unionism. Based on a historical analysis, it is described how the actions of the CUT were politicizing the structural division between the public and private sectors of unionism, consolidating collective identities around that division. By means of a quantitative analysis of the alliance networks in labor strikes from 2010 to 2019, the differentiated behavior of the main federations is described, according to whether they belong to the public or private sector. The results show that the public sector federations are the ones that find the highest density of alliances between them, generating a cleavage that is clearly differentiated from the private sector unionism, which is socially and politically isolated. The importance of considering this fracture within Chilean trade unionism is highlighted as a highly explanatory element of the limitations and strengths of CUT's political capacity.

Resumen Este artículo plantea que, desde el retorno a la democracia en Chile, la Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (CUT) ha desempeñado un doble papel para el sindicalismo. Por una parte, ha buscado promover, con muy pocos recursos y poco éxito, una nueva legislación para el sector privado del sindicalismo y; por otro, ha defendido, con muchos recursos y éxito, la autonomía y los intereses del sector público. ¿Cómo ha impactado en las identidades y prácticas organizacionales de los sindicatos chilenos este doble papel jugado por la CUT desde el retorno a la democracia? Para responder esta pregunta, se propone el concepto de clivajes sindicales, el que describe una división que es, simultáneamente, estructural, ideológica y organizativa dentro del sindicalismo chileno. A partir de un análisis histórico, se describe cómo el mismo accionar de la CUT fue politizando la división estructural entre el sector público y el privado del sindicalismo, consolidando identidades colectivas en torno a dicha división. Luego, con un análisis cuantitativo de las redes de alianzas en huelgas laborales desde el 2010 hasta el 2019, se describe el comportamiento diferenciado de las principales federaciones según su pertenencia al sector público o privado. Los resultados muestran que las federaciones del sector público son las que encuentran mayor densidad de alianzas entre ellas, generando un clivaje claramente diferenciado del sindicalismo del sector privado, el que se encuentra aislado social y políticamente. Se resalta la importancia de considerar esta fractura dentro del sindicalismo chileno como un elemento altamente explicativo de las limitaciones y fortalezas en la capacidad política de la Central.

Abstract The source of Darwin’s illness has been a contentious issue in the literature for almost 70 years. Different causal factors have been invoked to account for his symptoms, including Chagas disease. The Chagas hypothesis is based upon Darwin’s diary, in which he narrates his experience with kissing bugs, the main vector of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi , the etiological agent of Chagas disease. In this contribution, we examine the consistency of the “Chagas disease hypothesis” in the light of current ecological and epidemiological knowledge of the disease in Chile. According to his diary and letters, during his overland trips, Darwin slept in rural houses and outdoors for 128 days in a “hyperendemic” area for Chagas disease, more than exposing him to kissing bugs. This observation conveys a likely additional source of infection than previously considered, which might reinforce the idea that Chagas disease contributed to Darwin’s manifest physical deterioration.

Abstract Bombus terrestris is a European bumblebee extensively commercialized worldwide for crop pollination. In Chile, this species was introduced in 1997 and after confinement escape, it has spread and established in several localities of central-southern Chile and in the Argentine Patagonia. The South American carpenter bee Xylocopa augusti, in turn, has been recently reported in central Chile, and as B. terrestris, this species has become increasingly common, often found in sympatry with B. terrestris in some localities. While intestinal parasites such as the flagellate trypanosome Crithidia bombi, the microsporidium Nosema bombi, and the neogregarine protozoan Apicystis bombi, show high levels of specialization on the Bombus genus, parasites often increase their host range, especially after invading novel habitats, hence creating new infection disease scenarios. In this work, we used molecular techniques to detect the presence of the intestinal pathogens of B. terrestris in coexisting X. augusti from different localities in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Our results revealed the presence of the three pathogens in B. terrestris only, with population prevalence broadly similar to that reported in other studies. The carpenter bee X. augusti did not show evidence of any of the three parasites examined, indicating that this invader species is not recipient of any of the parasite species present in B. terrestris.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Necrosis of the glans penis after the placement of a penile prosthetic implant is a very rare complication. The main complications are associated with infection and mechanical failure of the implant. CLINICAL CASE: Two cases of glans necrosis occurring after penile prosthesis implantation are reported herein. One patient progressed satisfactorily with conservative treatment, with no need for implant removal. The other progressed poorly, requiring extraction of the prosthesis and debridement of the necrotic tissue. There was spontaneous amputation of the glans penis. CONCLUSIONS: Necrosis of the glans penis after penile prosthesis implantation is a rare complication and can be associated with elevated morbidity and mortality. It tends to affect patients with uncontrolled diabetes or pre-existing poor vascularization.

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La necrosis del glande posterior a la colocación de un implante protésico peneano es una complicación extremadamente inusual. Las principales complicaciones se asocian con infección y falla mecánica del implante. CASO CLÍNICO: Se reportan dos casos de necrosis del glande posterior a la colocación de implantes protésicos peneanos, uno con evolución satisfactoria, tratado de forma conservadora, sin necesidad de eliminar el implante y otro con mala evolución, que requirió la extracción de la prótesis y desbridamiento del tejido necrótico, con amputación espontánea del glande. CONCLUSIONES: La necrosis del glande posterior a la colocación de un implante protésico peneano representa una complicación quirúrgica inusual, puede asociarse con elevada morbilidad y mortalidad, y suele afectar a pacientes con diabetes mal controlada o con mala vascularización preexistente.

ABSTRACT The global pollination crisis is not only produced by loss of pollinators but also by their homogenization, both processes caused by humans. This crisis impacts the persistence of many native plants species worldwide. In this document we analyze the ecological impacts that warrant the prohibition of new income of commercial bumblebee, Bombus terrestris to Chile. This species is highly invasive, it has been banned in other countries, but in Chile its entry is allowed since 1997. Thousands of colonies and fertilized queens entered the country every year and expand throughout the rest of South America. We give eleven reasons to stop B. terrestris entry to Chile and start controlling it. We justify these reasons based on work done both in the country and outside of it. At the same time, through the conclusions, we mentioned what should be the steps to followed regarding the prohibition B. terrestris entry to Chile.

RESUMEN La crisis mundial de polinización no solo es producida por la pérdida de polinizadores, sino también por su homogeneización, ambos procesos causados por el ser humano. En este documento analizamos los impactos ecológicos que justifican la prohibición de nuevos ingresos del abejorro comercial Bombus terrestris a Chile. Esta especie es altamente invasiva y ha sido prohibida en otros países, pero en Chile se permite su ingreso desde 1997. Miles de colonias y reinas fertilizadas ingresan al país cada año y se expanden por el resto de Sudamérica. En este artículo entregamos once razones para detener los ingresos de B. terrestris a Chile y comenzar a controlarlo. Justificamos estas razones en base al trabajo realizado tanto en el país como fuera de él. Al mismo tiempo, a través de las conclusiones, mencionamos cuáles deberían ser los pasos a seguir respecto a la prohibición de ingreso de B. terrestris a Chile.

Abstract Background: Eulychnia acida is an endemic Chilean cactus species whose fruits show several traits that, taken as a whole, are compatible with a seed dispersal syndrome by large herbivore vertebrates. Since only a few large native mammals exist in Chile at present, cactus fruit consumption and seed dispersal may be coopted by introduced mammals as predicted by Janzen and Martin's (1982) hypothesis for tropical ecosystems. Findings: We describe the current frugivore species of E. acida in a protected semiarid-Mediterranean ecosystem using field measurements and feeding experiments. In addition, to examine a potential role as seed dispersers of the cactus species, we offered fruits and performed germination tests on seeds defecated by Lama guanicoe and the introduced goat Capra a. hircus under captivity conditions. Our data indicate that while fruits of E. acida are pecked by the Chilean tinamou, Nothoprocta perdicaria, and the Chilean mockingbird, Mimus thenca, and eaten by the brush-tailed rodent, Octodon degus, none of these species could be considered a legitimate seed disperser. Unlike L. guanicoe, the goat C. a. hircus did not reduce seed germination, having a neutral effect. Conclusions: Results from this study indicate that introduced C. a. hircus was the only species showing a potential role in the seed dispersal process of E. acida. In the absence of native frugivore species, goats might play an important role in population recruitment of the endemic cactus. These results extend Janzen and Martin's(1982) anachronism hypothesis to the Chilean Mediterranean ecosystem.

Se estudiaron los visitantes de las infrutescencias de Tristerix aphyllus, un muérdago parásito de cactáceas. La mayoría de los visitantes fueron aves diurnas (cinco especies), especialmente el dispersor legítimo Mimus thenca. También se registraron dos especies de pequeños mamíferos nocturnos, llamando la atención el marsupial Thylamys elegans, cuyo rol como dispersor es aún desconocido.

This paper reports the findings of a study about the gender patterns present in the responses of a survey about evaluation of teaching (SET) applied to Chilean university students. Using multivariate statistics, it analyses 9132 questionnaires responded by students from a social science faculty and found evidence of the following patterns: female teachers tend to be significantly better evaluated by undergraduate students than by graduate students, and male students are the ones that worst evaluate them. In addition, female teachers are best evaluated on responsibility and teaching skills, but worse in disciplinary domain. Finally, it analyzes the implications of these results for the theoretic and applied validity of SETs in Chile.

Este artículo reporta los hallazgos de una investigación acerca de la presencia de patrones de género en las respuestas de estudiantes universitarios chilenos a un Cuestionario de Evaluación de la Docencia (CED). Se analizaron 9.132 cuestionarios, los que fueron aplicados a alumnos de una facultad de Ciencias Sociales utilizando estadística multivariada. Se encontró evidencia de dichos patrones: las académicas tienden a ser significativamente mejor evaluadas por estudiantes de primer ciclo, que por estudiantes de segundo ciclo de formación y son los varones quienes peor evalúan a sus profesoras. Además, las académicas son mejor evaluadas en responsabilidad y habilidades docentes, pero peor en dominio disciplinario. Se discuten las implicancias de estos resultados para la validez teórica y aplicada de estos cuestionarios en Chile.

The indirect impact of flower herbivory on plant reproduction depends on the pollination environment, particularly on the presence or absence of pollinator species with the ability to discriminate damaged from undamaged flowers. The change in pollinator assemblages, due to habitat modification, may modify the impact of flower herbivory on plant reproductive success. In this work, we evaluate the effect of flower herbivory on the seed production of Viola portalesia (Gay) in two contrasting environments, a native and low-disturbed habitat and an extensively transformed habitat characterized by Pinus radiata plantations. Even though the two habitats differed substantially in the composition of pollinator assemblages and visitation rate, the flower damage performed on different petals had no impact on seed production neither within nor between habitats, indicating that change in pollinator assemblages have no indirect reproductive impact via discrimination of damaged flowers. There was a strong habitat effect, however, for seed production, being higher in the pine plantation than in the native habitat. Seed production on a per flower basis increased at a higher rate with the number of flowers in the pine plantation, which suggests a numerical response of pollinators to changes in food availability in this habitat.

El impacto indirecto de la herbivoría floral sobre la reproducción de las plantas puede depender del ambiente de polinización, particularmente de la presencia o ausencia de especies de polinizadores con capacidad de discriminar entre las flores dañadas y no dañadas. El cambio en el ensamble de polinizadores, debido a la modificación del hábitat, puede alterar el impacto de la herbivoría floral sobre el éxito reproductivo de las plantas. En este trabajo, se evaluó el efecto de la herbivoría floral sobre la producción de semillas de Viola portalesia (Gay) en dos ambientes contrastantes, un hábitat nativo, con bajos niveles de perturbación y otro hábitat altamente intervenido por plantaciones de Pinus radiata. Aún cuando los dos hábitats difirieron substancialmente en la composición del ensamble de polinizadores y tasas de visitas, el daño floral realizado sobre los diferentes pétalos no tuvo efectos sobre la producción de semillas ni dentro ni entre hábitats, indicando que el cambio en el ensamble de polinizadores no tiene impacto reproductivo a través de la discriminación de flores dañadas. Se observó, sin embargo, un fuerte efecto del hábitat sobre la producción de semillas siendo ésta mayor en la plantación de pino que en el hábitat nativo. La producción de semillas por flor relativa al número de flores aumentó a una mayor tasa en la plantación de pino, lo cual sugiere una respuesta numérica de los polinizadores a cambios en la disponibilidad de alimento en este hábitat.

The profound socio-productive transformations, specifically those associated with the impact of global economic policies, influence the so-called rural social movements. This article aims to understand the changes that these rural social-movements have experienced, with a special emphasis on the historical transit of the rural collective action in this new scenario. The proposed hypothesis is that the fight for the land, reshaped from a symbolic and valoric perspective, is still a primary factor in the demands that originate these social movements. The emergence of the new rural social movements is redefined as a dispute for the territory, in other words, the land with a meaning and history. The discussion will be centered on the rural-environmentalist movements in the framework of mining conflicts since these question themes related to territory and identity.

Las profundas transformaciones socio productivas, específicamente aquellas asociadas al impacto de políticas económicas de carácter global, repercuten en los llamados movimientos sociales rurales. El estudio se orienta en comprender los cambios que estos movimientos han experimentado, haciendo especial énfasis en el tránsito histórico de la acción colectiva rural en este nuevo escenario. Se plantea la hipótesis de que la lucha por la tierra, reconfigurada esta vezdesde una óptica valórica y simbólica, continúa siendo un factor primario entre las demandas que dan origen a estos movimientos sociales. La emergencia de los nuevos movimientos sociales rurales, se redefine como una disputa por la territorialidad, es decir, la tierra cargada de significado e historia. La reflexión se centrará en los movimientos rurales medioambientales en el marco de conflictos mineros ya que éstos vienen justamente a problematizar temáticas referentes al territorio y la identidad.

We report some aspects of the floral biology ofEchinopsis chiloensis ssp. chiloensis in a population near to the northern limit of its distribution. Anthesis is strictly diurnal and flowers remain open during 492 min on the average. Echinopsis chiloensis is self-incompatible. Flower longevity, nectar production along day, and floral visitors indicate that this population fits well to a diurnal insect pollination syndrome. These results contrast with a previous report indicating nocturnal anthesis and mixed mellitophylous-sphingophylous pollination syndrome in populations near to the southern limit of the distribution range. We suggest that the pollination syndrome of E. chiloensis is a labile rather than fixed condition that may depend on the abiotic characteristics and geographical location of the population under assessment.

Documentamos algunos aspectos de la biología floral de Echinopsis chiloensis ssp. chiloensis en una población del límite norte de su rango de distribución. La antesis es estrictamente diurna y las flores permanecen abiertas durante 492 min en promedio. La especie es auto incompatible. La longevidad floral, la marcha de néctar y los registros de polinizadores indican que la población de E. chiloensis se ajusta bien a un síndrome de polinización por insectos diurnos, lo cual contrasta con la antesis nocturna y el síndrome mixto melitófilo-esfingófilo descrito en poblaciones del límite sur de la distribución de la especie. Sugerimos que el síndrome de polinización de E. chiloensis es lábil y no fijo, siendo dependiente de la población bajo estudio y de su ubicación geográfica.

We analyze the social and cultural scenario prevalent at the moment of Darwin’s visit to Chile. On this basis, we describe the short-and mid-term impact of the Beagle voyage upon the cultural environment at that time, and suggest some elements that may have infuenced the settlement and spread of Darwin’s ideas at the end of the 19th and frst half of the 20th centuries in Chile. We identifed three stages in the process. First, a naturalist stage, related with the direct impact of Darwin’s work on the knowledge of biological diversity described in Chile at that moment. Second, an ideological stage, characterized by extra scientifc debates on Darwin’s major ideas. Most of this debate was carried out by Chilean intellectuals, which focused upon the religious, ethical, social, and educational consequences of Darwin’s ideas rather than in their scientifc soundness. Third, a scientifc stage, related with the implementation of formal research in evolutionary biology impulsed by the development of the Modern Synthesis in the frst half of the 20th century. Since then, research on evolutionary biology has increased in scope and depth and continues spreading through diverse and new research programs in the country.

En este trabajo presentamos un análisis del escenario social y cultural de la época en que ocurre el viaje de Darwin a Chile. Sobre esa base, describimos el impacto a corto y mediano plazo del viaje del naturalista en el ambiente cultural de la época en el país, sugiriendo algunos elementos que pudieron haber infuido en el establecimiento y propagación de las ideas Darwinianas en el Chile de fnes del siglo XIX y primera mitad del siglo XX. Identifcamos tres etapas en el proceso. Primero, una etapa naturalista, relacionada con el aporte directo de Darwin al conocimiento de la diversidad biológica de Chile descrita hasta aquel momento. Segundo, una etapa ideológica, caracterizada por debates no científcos de su obra, los cuales fueron efectuados por intelectuales chilenos interesados en los alcances religiosos, éticos, sociales y educacionales de la obra del naturalista. Tercero, una etapa científca, relacionada con la implementación de investigación formal en biología evolutiva impulsada por el desarrollo de la Síntesis Moderna a comienzos del siglo XX. Desde entonces, la investigación sobre biología evolutiva Darwiniana ha aumentado en amplitud y profundidad y continúa expandiéndose a través de nuevos y diversos programas de investigación.

Female fecundity increases with body size in a variety of insects, but it is unknown if this generalization applies for kissing bugs. In this study, we evaluate whether gonad weight in the bloodsucking insect Mepraia spinolai correlates with body size, or determined by nutrition or developmental time. We found that the investment on reproductive tissue correlates positively and significantly with body size and with the amount of ingested blood by female insects along their lifespan. Total molting time did not significantly affect gonad weight. We suggest that under optimal feeding conditions M. spinolai females could express their maximum reproductive potential.